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This conference, like the first of its kind, was sponsored by the National Foundation, and to me it was one of the most exciting gatherings of biologists and medical specialists in 1963. There is no doubt in my mind that the insights of genetics rival all other scientific achievements of this century; practical applications, however, have been few and long to come. This gathering did not consist of a small group of basic geneticists, brilliant, abstruse, and intoxicated by a continuous flight of ideas, neither did it consist of medical or clinical geneticists perennially gloomy about man's genetic mess. It consisted rather of mature and realistic representatives of both sides of the camp who had a keen realization of the limitations of their respective research advances and yet were exceedingly earnest in their desire to learn from each other and to explore every possible means of applying the results and